How does Juliet grow and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How does Juliet grow and change - Essay Example In examining these forms of characterization, this essay traces the way that Juliet grows and changes throughout the work. During the early part of the play Shakespeare depicts Juliet as largely naive to the romantic world around her. In these regards, there is the recognition that surrounding characters have first begun to express interest in Juliet. Notably, Paris speaks with Capulet regarding his desire to marry Juliet. Juliet herself, however, is recognized as largely oblivious to these advances. Juliet’s nurse asks her, â€Å"Tell me, daughter Juliet,/ How stands your disposition to be married?† (1.3.63-64). Juliet responds, â€Å"It is an honor that I dream not of† (1.3.65). Here Juliet is indicating that she has not thought marriage. Additionally, this scene demonstrates Juliet’s relative subservience to her Nurse, further attesting to Juliet’s stage of growth. Ultimately then this stage of Juliet’s characterization demonstrates that s he is naive and has not thought of a suitable romantic suitor. As the text progresses, Juliet correspondingly experiences a greater level of growth and maturity. The next substantial stage of Juliet’s growth and maturation occurs at a costume ball that is thrown. The costume ball is attended by both Romeo and Juliet. While at the beginning of the night they have not met, they will eventually encounter each other and exchange romantic words. Romeo implements symbolism and figurative language in comparing himself to a pilgrim and Juliet to a saint. He then indicates that she must kiss him to rid of his sin. Eventually they kiss. The physical action of this kiss constitutes a significant stage of Juliet’s development as it partially heralds her entrance into womanhood. While before this kiss she indicated she had not thought of marriage, following this kiss there is a significant change in her outlook. Notably, referring to Romeo, Juliet states, â€Å"If he be married,/ My grave is like to be my wedding bed† (1.5.131). In addition to providing a strong foreshadowing of the play’s fateful conclusion, this statement directly opposes Juliet’s earlier statement that she had not even given marriage a thought. Ultimately, Juliet demonstrates rapid development in this scene as she not only enters into a physical show of affection, but she also demonstrates intensity in her lust for Romeo. As the narrative action in the play occurs in a relatively short period of time Juliet’s growth and development occurs rapidly. Following her interaction with Romeo at the costume ball, he comes to visit her window. This window scene has become a seminal aspect of Shakespeare’s writing for its masterful implementation of language. The scene additionally contains significant information regarding Juliet’s growth and development. In these regards, the scene begins to demonstrate Juliet understands the forbidden nature of the romance . While Juliet is a Capulet, Romeo is a Montague; these families are in conflict, such that their romance is not allowed. Juliet states, â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?/ Deny thy father and refuse thy name;/ Or if, thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,/ And I’ll no longer be a Capulet† (2.1.33-36). Here Juliet is asking why Romeo is a Montague. She then asks him to give up his family name, and if he won’

Mobile and Wireless Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mobile and Wireless Security - Essay Example and Dasgupta, P., 2003). An attacker can easily connect to the wireless network using wireless media and create a separate access point for provisioning of service to the network users. Users are forced to route traffic through the rogue access point where the attacker can either sniff information or even alter or destroy it (Godber, A. and Dasgupta, P., 2003). The attacker can attach viruses to downloads and infect the user devices. Thus the wireless networks are required to be secured from such attacks. A2. Increased usage of mobile devices by the work forces in corporate calls for implantation of security measures in wireless networks. The vulnerabilities of a wireless network are required to be overcome to prevent attacks in the form of eavesdropping, spoofing etc, resulting in loss or compromise of sensitive data. Thus there exists a requirement to formulate and implement a wireless security policy to disallow unauthorized access to the corporate networks using wireless media and allow only approved and authenticated users to be connected. IPsec VPN provides an easy and robust solution by incorporating tunneling, strong authentication and encryption procedures. The aim of the policy is to lay down standards for establishment of wireless connection from remote location to the XYZ corporate intranet. The policy also gives out detailed system requirements to be in place before the remote user is actually allowed access to the corporate resources. This remote access policy is designed to prevent damage to the corporate network or computer systems and to prevent compromise or loss of data. The policy details are as under:- The remote user shall connect using virtual private networking (VPN). VPN is a private network providing services to selected or authorized group. The network is 'virtual' as it builds on public physical networks by tunneling through it (Qu, Wie and Srinivas, S., 2002). VPN services are classified as LAN interconnect, dial-up and extranet (Venkateswaran, R., 2001). VPNs can be implemented at network or data link layer. Client Check The wireless network should be segregated from the intranet by employing a front-end firewall with the intranet. Firewall restricts broadcast traffic and saves STAs and APs from the intranet users. Anti-virus software must be installed and operational. Ensure that the client satisfies the set criteria else deny access or allow only limited access to the extent that he can access required software to meet the requirement. Connection Type. STAs should get connected to the corporate protected intranet through APs after IPsec VPN authentication (Weber, Chris and Bahadur, Gary, 2002) (For wireless IPsec VPN, the basic components are wireless clients or stations (STA) and a wireless access point (AP). APs act like hubs that connect to the STAs and provide pathway from wireless network to other existing network.). Authentication. IPsec authentication between STA and intranet should be done using Kerberos or client

Portrayal Of Women In Womens Fashion Magazine Advertisements Media Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Womens Fashion Magazine Advertisements Media Essay Considerable numbers of research and commentary have shown that there are differences in female and male portrayals in print advertisements which are not exactly similar to the reality (Davis, 1970; Douglas, 1976). Generally, they include negative representations of women which effects mostly the younger generations (Matlin, 1987). According to Bardwick (1967), since the 1960s, there have been growing concerns about the womens portrayal in the media. Furthermore, Rakow (1985) stated that there was a renaissance of womens movement created awareness to the portrayal of women in the media in 1960s. In advertisements, there is a tendency to portray women as sex or fashion objects and homemakers (Wortzel et al, 1974). These stereotypes mostly do not acknowledge women in work or that they can be more than homemakers or sex objects. Furthermore, it may be concluded that stereotypes still exists since then and seems to reflect what behaviours are acceptable in the society. Media can play an important part in societies. Perse (2001) illustrated the effects of media illustrated as `cognitive, affective or behavioural`. Similarly, Lippmann (1922) discovered that mass communication can also be foundation of people`s perspective of the world. Therefore, people may also acquire values, norms and customs through media, in our case stereotypes. Baker (1996) one said When experiential knowledge does not exist, we often assume that images we see in film reflect reality. Moreover, Lippmann (1922) presented stereotypes in his book `Public Opinion` while describing them as pictures in our heads which help us to understand the world. Similarly, Bootzin (1991) described stereotypes as mental symbols which illustrate different kinds of people. These include all the knowledge that people have or believe to be largely true. One of the most perplexing and complex issues currently facing advertisers is how best to portray women in advertising. Feminist critiques were mostly focuses on the limited and unrealistic portrayals of women such as being dependent on men or under representation of women with their careers (Courtney et al, 1983; Wolf, 1991). Other critics, on the other hand, focus on the sexual representation of women in advertisement which objectifies women to sell the product (Reichert et al, 2004; Ford, 2004; Lambiase, 2003). Moreover, there are further accusations towards the advertisers about the womens dependency to men and promoting about something called ideal beauty and the increase in the sexual portrayals. Since advertising is a powerful tool for creating and spreading cultural ideals, and people are exposed to it constantly, it is not surprising that advertisements are targeted to such comments. The reason why I chose this topic is both by personal interest and desire to analyse the eff ects of stereotyping in women magazines. This study will investigate the stereotypes which exist in todays world connected with women in fashion magazine advertisements and measures to what extend female students in UK associates themselves with these portrayals. 1.1. Research Background Advertising may have developed over time and became a tool for endorsing the consumerist society; however it is also a tool for exchange of meanings by using products and services in todays world. According to Pawlowski (2007), in the world of branding, products are representation of certain meanings or beliefs and consumers are purchasing them in the belief that they are actually buying into a lifestyle or an image. Womens fashion magazines have become a common advertising tool because up to 95 per cent of the space in the womens magazines filled with advertisements (McCracken, 1993). The power of magazines may be coming from the variety of interest and needs that people have. As a result, we can conclude that this has created a demand for magazines with different focuses, such as general interest, automobile, fashion or women. In addition, Sanders (1985) suggested that there are different buying behaviours and motivations among men and women. According to Calder (2003), magazines c an be considered as brands and concluded that they have apparent individual character profiles that audiences appreciate as well as matching these characteristics to their own. It has been suggested that young women choose to read womens fashion magazines to learn about style and beauty (Levine et al, 1996). Calders (2003) research about magazine readers experiences ranked the most important motivations which make people read magazines. Table 1. Motivations for Reading a Magazine 1. I get value for my time and money 2. I like it (i.e. negative correlation with It disappoints me) 3. It makes me smarter/cleverer 4. Its my personal timeout 5. I often reflect on it 6. The stories absorb me 7. I learn things first here 8. Its part of my routine 9. I find the magazine high-quality and sophisticated 10. I trust it 11. I feel good when I read it 12. Its relevant and useful to me 13. Its brief and easy for me to read 14. I build relationships by talking about and sharing it 15. I find unique and surprising things 16. It improves me, and helps me try new things 17. I save and refer to it 18. I keep or share articles 19. I think others in the household would enjoy the magazine 20. Its for people like me Source: Calder et al. (2003: 13) Furthermore, the same study also investigated womens attitudes to womens fashion magazines and discovered that 69% of women sees advertisements in magazines as a source of information and trust the advertisements in the magazine (Calder et al, 2003). 1.2. Research Objective Based on the literature, this research will try to answer the question of how do female students relate themselves to the portrayal of women in womens fashion magazine advertisements. This question is designed to fill a gap in literature which exists among the analysis of portrayals women in advertisements and if advertisements reflects the female students in the UK. The study is focused on UK; however there are referrals to researches from other countries where they discovered proofs of a kind which may not be applied in the UK. Main objective for this thesis is to answer the research question by analysing the aim and the effectiveness of advertisements and gender stereotypes, and responses of the participants. Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 1 starts with providing an introduction to the subject, briefly explains the reasons behind magazine advertising and presenting the research objective as well as describing the structure of dissertation. Chapter 2 discusses the previous studies related with the subject and reviews the concepts of advertising, gender, gender stereotypes, gender portrayals in advertisement and feminist critique. Chapter 3 introduces the method this research will adopt and explains the reasoning behind the selection while providing information about research process and data analysis. Chapter 4 reports the findings of focus group research and links the concepts to the theory. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research in accordance to the analysis of the findings and discuss the implications and limitations to provide a direction for future researchers. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1. Introduction to Literature Many studies about advertising and consumer research analysed variety of reactions toward an advertisement (Derbaix, 1995; Sengupta et al, 2008). Similar to this case, researchers such as Goffman (1979), have investigated the gender representation in advertising, especially sexual representation of women different than men, researchers has tried to explore the responses of women as well as the effect. However, can women associates themselves to these representations? Do they perceive these images negatively or positively? According to Sengupta (2008), responses of men and women to the use of stereotypical portrayals in advertising, mainly the magazines, have hardly been explored. A relative research of womens magazine emphasising on sexuality could introduce new results, specifically if it illustrated womens perceptions in positive or negative light. This study will attempt to fill the gap in the literature with investigating these questions. Goffman (1979) defined advertisements as `commercial realism`, which means the portrayals are hyper ritualized and edited,  and Hammer (2009) suggested that advertisements are portraying the world `in ways that could be real`. On the other hand, Schudson (1984) said that abstraction which is not dependent of characteristics, associations or managing something as a concept, is vital in advertising in terms of meanings and aesthetic. This could mean that advertising relies on these meanings. Furthermore, designing a world in advertisements does not have to be real or purely fantasy which he defined as `capitalist realism`. In contrast, realism defined as a fact which characterizes a person, an object or a circumstance that is true or accurate. These two concepts, abstraction and reality, can be combined in advertisements. Advertisements may create a balance between different concepts; gender and sexuality seems to be more effective in our culture. According to Hammer (2009), advertisements are promoting the questions of gender and sex in a cultural discourse. These concepts will be analysed further in this research. Relevant analyses have provided an insight for the context of this analysis. It has been suggested that in terms of reaching the consumers, especially the younger generation, there has been a shift toward modern and innovative forms of marketing (Schmitt, 1999) such as social networks. However, rationality may not always be the case in advertising (Fill, 2009). The review of literature in this study has focused on these subjects; advertising as a form of communication and its affects to the society, existing stereotypes of women, the way advertising portrays women according to this stereotypes and the feminist critique. 2.2. Advertisements Advertising images are a central part of the experienced visual world. Reality and advertising do not constitute two separate spheres acting upon one another; advertising and the mass media contribute to the visual landscape that constructs reality. Schroeder et al, 1998 Advertising is a tool to form gender identities as well as culture. Likewise, McCracken (1987) explained that advertising is reflecting cultural values and presents them through media, and Kernan (1993) suggested that advertising mainly shapes the gender identity. According to Berger (2004), advertising can be regarded as a type of communication that is influential and effective which can also use sexploitation of the female body as an instrument. According to Wilson (1995), the beauty stereotypes were promoted in a sexual way through advertising media which has the motivation (profit), the means (media exposure) and the instruments (language and photos). Although these stereotypes can be considered as unrealistic, it is accessible to every woman. Furthermore, Pawlowski (2007) argues that these stereotypes have been created to maintain `dominant ideologies` for preserving commercial interest. On the other hand, Holbrook (1982) suggested that tangible benefits which describes utilitar ian meanings of goods and services also been widely used in advertising same as experiential perspectives which presents symbolic indications of subjective attributions. Similarly, according to Schroeder (1998), the visual images could create meanings to consumers in different ways. To create a relation between the images and meanings, Berger (1989) presented four processes: cause and effect, signification, resemblance and convention. Moreover, to create resemblance in targeted consumers mind, advertisers probably use `typical` people in advertisements. Schwartz (1974) discussed the aim of designing an advertisement. According to him, it is the creation of `pleasurable emotions` which will be prompt by the product in the market. He also said that `I do not care what number of people remember or get the message. I am concerned with how people are affected by the stimuli` (Schwartz, 1974). Davidson (1992) argued that advertisements in many womens magazines, aims to promote the idea of material needs and anxiety to women within the construction of the good life. He defines the idea of good life as a mythic world which contains perfect people enjoying numerous of product. Jhally (2000), on the other hand, claimed that these ideas are unattainable and advertising is not supposed to show how people should act but reflects how people desire; which is a paradox, because these unattainable desires are the reason why women are attracted to womens fashion magazines (Pawlowski, 2007). On the other hand, Brierly (1995) argues that advertising is about a form of fantasy and escapism which means that it does not describe the reality. Some contemporary advertisements does not even state the product or service such as Levi`s commercial `Kevin the Hamster` from 1988. The ad considered as one of most surreal ads ever which introduces a hamster running in his wheel named Kevin. In the end, the wheel breaks and Kevin dies of boredom. Until the Levi`s logo shows up, nobody knows what product or which brand was being promoted. Williamson (1978) explained that abstract connections can be made among lifestyles and brands that consumers transfer meanings in the advertisements onto the product. Cultural perceptions also dictate a prominence on the `intertextual nature` of advertisements and their correlation to the wider cultural discussion on gender identities and femininity (Sandikci, 1998). While the concepts are intertextual, which they are based on prior texts; meanings of ads are also connected with other cultural texts (Goldman, 1992). According to Sandikci (1998), this occurrence was mostly disregarded by many empirical researches about portrayal of women in advertising. Then again, women are constantly subjected to different kinds of images and portrayals of femininity. These portrayals are also taking place in other media forms and the effect of such exposure influences how any specific representation will be interpreted (Sandikci, 1998), which could mean that audiences may transfer meanings from one media form to another through these interpretations. On the other hand, some researchers proposed that there many possible reactions and women can actually resist or alter the meanings of these meanings (Davis et al, 1993; Wilson, 1985). The effect of advertisements in the society was mentioned in this research and similarly, Moschis (1978) explained that gender role portrayals in the ads are influencing self-concept, achievement aspiration and self-images of the members` in a society. Since the 1960s, gender stereotypes in advertising are subjected to many debates (Odekerken-Schroder et al, 2002). Furthermore, these portrayals appeared to be increased in many ways recently (Ferguson et al, 1990). 2.2.1. Sex in Advertisements Previous researches discovered that women are portrayed as `heterosexual masculine desire` in magazine ads (Reichert et al, 2004; Baker, 2005). Ford (2008) defined the gender portrayals and sexual practices as abnormal, pathologic, and deviant and associated them with the political economy and social culture. In the western cultures sex is a natural behaviour of a human biology but `normal gender roles, sexuality, and sexual practice` can be varied among cultures (Foucault, 1988). Furthermore, Rubin (1984) described sex as a natural force that exists prior to social life. On the other hand, Ford (2008) argued that gender and sexual norms shaped by ` material bodies` within the cultures which they exist. Similar to Foucault, Hofstede (1998) also suggested that the womens objectification and sexuality in magazines can be different based on cultural values and equality of the sexes. In advertising, the perception of sex sells is still widely popular (Reichert et al, 2004) and sex has been used extensively to sell more than just products. Ford (2008) explained that advertisers also promote trends, ideas and stereotypes which could mean that they can give sexual meanings, implicit or explicit, to every product as well as attracting consumers with the fantasy of sex. According to the study of Cosmopolitan Magazine, the idea of sexual freedom, lower political authoritarianism and using models from the western countries have caused more sexuality in magazine ads (Nelson et al, 2005). Based Lambiase`s (2003) research about erotic rhetoric in advertising in magazines, it can be concluded that these messages which are assembled visually are extremely persuasive. On the other hand, these researchers were only selected advertisements which include sexual contents that are not related to the products` attributes or usage; but it was found that these ads either implicitly o r explicitly offers the promise of sexual benefits (Liambiase et al, 2003). However, these analyses create more in depth understanding of the messages behind advertising visuals. Some researchers discovered that level of sexuality, in fact, increased over time (Pawlowski, 2007). Reichert (2004) measured the level of sexuality in magazine based on an extension of a research about advertisements in 1983 and 1993; analysed them from 2003 by using Goffmans coding analysis. This coding analysis includes five categories as relative size, function ranking, feminine touch, ritualization of subordination and licenced withdrawal (Goffman, 1976). Findings of the study revealed that women are still portrayed in the same stereotypes and being objectified; however the level of sexuality rose over time. According to Jacobsen (1995), sexual contents are being used more than before to reach consumers. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the degree of nakedness remained at the same level in the ads (Soley at al, 1986), number of models who are objectified sexually in the images increased over time. (Kilbourne (2005) argued that young and beautiful individuals are mostly po rtrayed as sexual objects and especially, young adolescents are exposed to these sexual images through the media. Furthermore, she concluded that it is not possible to measure the effects of these exposures. Particularly, products such as clothing or fragrance are advertised in more sexualised way due to their nature. (Reichert, 2004). 2.3. Research on Advertising and Gender Schroeder (1998) explained that in media images, social psychologists agree that there are differences in gender portrayals. According to Pollock (2001), visual images have a significant part in the creation of gender identities, which may not display the reality. Belkaoui (1976) suggested that previous empirical researches had been very limited with the purpose of portraying the role of women in advertisements and the changes in the view female roles. Similarly, Schroeder (1998) explained that the differences in male and female portrayals and their effects are being subjected to researches recently. In advertising, most of these differences can also affect the level of gender stereotyping of a given country. Although there are no such laws yet, EUs Womens Rights Committee and European Parliament suggested that any kind of gender stereotyping in the media should be banned (Rice, 2012). In addition, media researchers showed their concerns about stereotyping of women previously and som e of them approached to the subject empirically. 2.3.1 Advertisements, Arts and Gender In order to find out the presentation of women in advertisements, Schroeder (1998) analysed the relationship between arts, gender and advertising. He concluded that descriptions are the basic point of interpretation which both arts and advertising includes. It could mean that descriptive images such as a light, genre and subject are the basic point of interpretation. Advertising has also been described as ` aesthetic objects` (Schroeder, 2004). According to Lury (1996), consumption was `aestheticized` through fashion, style and incorporation of arts through the creativity inside the advertising campaigns. In addition, Schroeder (1998) suggested that advertising acquired some methods form art history, to portray the women and highlight the difference between genders. Schroeder (1998) suggested that representation of gender differences in arts involves the nudity, women in captivity, and portrayals of male leaders often with armours. According to Bohm-Duchen (1992), in terms of cultural standards about looks and attractiveness, female body is the main interest. Berger (1972) also highlighted the connection between art and advertisements. There is a similarity between women portrayal in arts and advertising; and Berger (1972) explained this theory by quoting from art history sources. He concluded that the way of seeing women and images which portrays them has not changed since then. Schroeder (1998) agrees Bohm-Duchen by suggesting that women are perceived ` voyeuristically` and being `fantasized`. In addition, women seem to be characterised in a passive way in both art and advertising. Berger (1972) concluded that women are portrayed different than men; the reason is not because of the difference between femininity and masculinity, but the main focus is to be appeal to male audience. It has been concluded that advertising uses many methods from art portray women and mostly, this supports the inequality between ge nders. 2.3.2. Gender Portrayals It has been suggested that gender role portrayals creates a problem when advertisers prefers to portray a woman (Whipple, 1985). According to Pawlowski (2007), advertising demonstrates a persons role in the society, especially when it comes to gender and sex; and depends onto the established representations of gender. In addition, advertising can also play an important role in shaping the perceptions of the society about gender. It was concluded in the study of Courtney and Lockeretzs (1971) about the portrayal of roles of women in women magazines that women have very limited roles in advertisements. Venkatesh (1994) investigated the perspectives of market researchers and customers about women. According to his research, women tend to be viewed as a wife, homemaker, hostess, mother, or a single girl preparatory to these roles (Davis, 1970). Similarly, Rajagopal (2002) explained that woman has one of three roles in their portrayal in advertisements which are not truly `represent women s diversity: sex or beauty symbol, mother and housewife. ` Furthermore, Scanzoni (1977) highlighted other roles of women outside the family; for instance, business woman or professional employee, which can be called social roles, were taken into little or no consideration. On the other hand, it was concluded that women are regularly be associated with two kinds of social representation; desirability and aggressiveness (Umiker-Sebeok 1981). Similar to Schroeder (1998), Linder (2004) have analysed the effects of gender roles in the media and concluded that stereotypes in gender portrayals are still applied in advertising even today. However, this is a startling outcome since there are social and cultural changes about womens status in the society since 1950s. On the other hand, especially womens fashion magazines such as Vogue, these changes have not been affected; since there are significantly higher amount of stereotypical portrayals. Furthermore, Linder (2004) concluded that stereotypical or sexualized representations are the key method of portraying women. `This portrayal of women as inferior and flawed is a necessity for the existence of a womens fashion magazines such as Vogue, which is primarily a means for advertising and selling products that are suggested to be a cure for womens feelings of inferiority and inappropriateness (Linder, 2004). This could justify the enduring stereotypes in womens fashion magazines throughout time. These unrealistic promises may create insecurities and inferiority complex. Goffman (1979) defines the representation of female body in fashion advertisements as `puckish styling` and explaining it as `a sort of body clowning`. However, MacCracken (1993) argues that these advertisements are within a `dominant moral order`. Although an advertisement sells an image or an idea, women should be able to choose what message they would like to give or how they would like to present themselves to the world. One of the criticisms is about the difference in genders portrayal in advertisements. Schroeder (1998) explained that non-verbal behaviours and abilities vary among genders. Gender representation in advertisements has been subjected to several studies. Rajagopal (2002) also studied the effects of advertisements on portraying different gender images. It has been found that there is a significant bias in representation of both genders. According to Milburn, Carney and Ramirez (2001), males are mainly more knowledgeable, active (such as running) and authoritative; o n the other hand females are more likely to be young and dressed in more revealing clothes and not very active as males (such as sitting). Goffman, in his book Gender Advertisement (1979), argued that `women are treated as children` in advertising. He explained that, in order to identify the difference between men and women in advertisements, parent-child relationship should be examined. In advertisements, men tend to be portrayed as the parent whereas women behave as a child. For instance, Goffman (1979) figured that, in ads, a men`s hands portrayed as strongly holding an item and has the power to manipulate it, while women`s hand is just touching the item and not have the full power to control it. Another example is, in many advertisements, women are mentally wandering away under the protection of a male or women appears in finger to mouth position which reminds a children`s behaviour. Another argument is, in magazine advertisements, womens body was shown more frequently than the images of mens body (Hall et al, 1994). Jung (2009) argued that these objectifications of women are connected with the gender stereotypes wh ich come from the womens portrayal in the media. Similar to Courtney and Lockeretz (1971), Goffman (1979) proposed that standards of femininity and masculinity have been created by the help of advertisements and explained the signs of gender stereotypes in advertising: women have less prestigious profession; men are in control of the situations and making eye contact with audiences while women looking at a distance place or a male model whom can protect her or simply drifting mentally; women self-touching herself which shows the female body as gentle and fragile whereas men grasp, shape or product an item. As a result, women seem to be perceived as objects that are desired by men and these stereotypes are emphasized on sexuality. Furthermore, these images of women body exists predominantly in womens fashion magazines (Ferguson et al, 1990). Evidently, there is a difference between womens sexual representation in contrast to men. Nevertheless, the degree of sexuality in womens magazi nes and consumers reaction has barely been studied (Pawlowski, 2007). Richins (1991) analysed the responses of female undergraduate students to models in ads and discovered that women are constantly compare their bodies with models which results in dissatisfaction of their physical experiences. Although, the aim of advertising is to sell the product; products becomes less effective to the desired appearance or audiences are not convinced enough to buy them (Thomas, 2000). Curry (1998) suggested that the ideals of beauty portrayed in the magazines are not attainable and some people think that these portrayals are not realistic. According to Whipple (1985), advertisers tend to ask the question of `What model- product pairings will be most effective in creating favourable consumer attitudes? ` He concluded that the choices are based on the attitude towards the appropriateness of the combinations and previous information about the target segment. As a result, stereotypes become an issue. For instance, men are be portrayed with electronics or automobiles wh ile women are being portrayed with household products (Aireck, 1982). Current studies suggest that female models shown in the advertisements started to embrace male roles such as being powerful and authoritarian (Schroeder, 1998). On the other hand, Stern (1994) discussed that these reversed roles are the result of a strategy, which is showing products more attractive and appeal to men. Moreover, it was indicated that women are more aware of the stereotypes in advertising than men (Odekerken-Schroder et al, 2002). On the other hand, Wortzel and Frisbie (1974) discovered that gender preferences are affected by the functions of a product rather than societies opinion. However, Sciglimpaglia (1979) argues that when womens role in a society is less traditional, criticism towards the current portrayal in advertising is higher. Society members` `self-image, achievement aspiration and self-concept` are influenced by these portrayals in advertisements (Moschis et al, 1998). Myers (1992) associated the ideal body image with the good life image which could drive people to pursue such images whether it is achievable or not. However, Patterson (2002) explained that the reliability of these images as a symbol of femininity is being questioned, if it could be transformed and reconstructed in order to represent the roles. The beauty portrayals have been idealised and exists for al l age demographics. Possibly, teenagers are more easily influenced age demographic and teenagers are possibly the most influenced demographic and older women seem to be kept in the side-line. On the other hand, some campaigns are using more realistic representations and challenging the stereotypes by ` celebrating the diverse, the healthy, the real, and the truly beautiful such as the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty (Patterson, 2006). The Dove ad campaign rejects the conventional beauty stereotypes and instead, shows women in many ages, sizes and shapes. According to Neff (2004), the campaign undermines the basic proposition of decades of beauty-care advertising. The ad campaign portrays average women with variety of images and asking rhetorical questions as wrinkled or wonderful? which is regarded as unattractive in contemporary advertising world. Examples of the ad campaign are shown below. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tuh1CXp_vRM/TzRUfToFpAI/AAAAAAAAAE4/2iLCJqa_bLA/s1600/realcurves1.pnghttp://www.wonderbranding.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/dove_wideweb__430x327.jpg Schroeder (2004) concluded that advertising has function of spreading gender roles and setting identities, while Patterson (2002) explains gender as a dominant concept in advertising. Moreover, Myers (1992) suggested that creation and reinforcement of gender identities has been supported by advertising as well as broadcasting them. Similarly to the recent changes in advertising (Dove campaign or advocates in the EU Parliament), it has been suggested that there has been a substantial improvement in emphasizing womans expanding role as a working member of society (Wagner, 1973); especially with the influence of womens movement in the American society (Venkatesh, 1980). Especially in demographically varied womens magazines, higher female employments resulted in changes in the portrayal of women such as more professional, independent and confident images (Chafetz et al, 1993). As a result, it can be concluded that increasing number of women

Symbol Of America :: essays research papers

The thing that I see that represents America is Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There have been numerous historical events that have been the basis for the forming of the United States of America that took place inside Independence Hall. Basically, everything that happened during the time of the Thirteen Colonies and a period of time after the Revolutionary War that involved political affairs, all took place in Independence Hall. This place was pretty much the earlier version of the United States Congress back in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s. Independence Hall, a historic monument of the United States of America, was where the U.S. first began to form from where the Continental Congress met to the place where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution was signed to build it’s way to become one great nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, Independence Hall was where the Continental Congress held all their congregations that eventually led way to the independence of the United States. The Continental Congress was where all the forefathers of America from George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Hancock, and many others all decided to free America from British rule. And where else did this take place than at the site of Independence Hall, but after the Declaration of Independence was signed and a bloody war called the Revolutionary War was fought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed in Independence Hall. The Declaration was just a little document that brought the birth of a â€Å"new, free nation.† The beginning of the United States was on July 4, 1776 at the signing of the Declaration where all the forefathers of America risked their lives as patriots to get rid of an â€Å"evil† tyrant ruling from far away across the ocean, and to create a democracy that they could believe in. One more thing was that the United States Constitution was signed after the Revolutionary War to bring deserving and fair rights to every American citizen. Freedom and rights were achieved by these historic documents after they were signed to bring in a new country that has lasted for centuries and for centuries to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What other thing represents America better than the place of Independence Hall where America was actually born? There were many things that can also be seen as the symbol for America from such things as the President of the United States, to freedom, to the â€Å"American Dream†/ â€Å"the almighty dollar,† and so on.

Organ Donation essay/ not finished Essay

Source 1: Rainbow raw author of the Organ Donation Should be Compulsory article, created on 30th May, 2012 discusses the forever asking question that all citizens should be made to donate their organs once deceased. The author addresses the topic with the use of statistics from the Australia’s organ donations site. Rainbow raw has no known qualifications or expertise; although the information provided is true and I believe reliable even though it is not from a registered site e.g. gov, edu. The author presented the information in exposition form with facts and their own personal opinion which outlines the science and religious sides of organ donation. Source 2: The site Debate ORG is presented in a debate form, created and written by anonymous writers, debating whether organs should be compulsory. This site holds no qualifications or expertise but shows the different opinions and beliefs behind organ donation. Source 3: Samuel Walker is a Politics undergraduate at the Universi ty of Warwick whom is the author of the article Why Organ Donation Should be Made Compulsory. Walker explores and outlines the science and religion behind organ donation throughout. Walker uses rhetorical techniques to discuss the topic. Part B: Should all citizens be made to donate their organs? The science behind organ donation is simple, one whom has died has the opportunity to save another’s life by donating their organs, but there are religious aspects that need to be looked at, many religions and cultures do not believe in giving one organs as they are a part of them, they need them for reincarnation, many believe that once you die they must be kept whole. It is an ethical issue as thousands of people are put on waiting lists to receive and organ. There are Why is it though that if we let the government have this control of our organs we lose our freedom of choice when what we are doing is saving other’s lives, theres a saying ‘ if you don’t want to donate your organs then you should not receive one when in need’ why should you have access to a new liver when you wouldn’t give up your own? What about our freedom rights? You can’t force someone to give up their organs even when their deceased, you can’t ask a grieving mother to have permission to cut her  child up, well with this law just do what you please, that child’s organs may save a life but the mother will never see it that way, her child just died, her baby’s gone, forever and the thought of them being poked and prodded adds to the grieve and loss. But it’s a life we’re talking about, you have the power, the opportunity to save someone, how can you let that go, your gone why should perfectly usable organs be buried with the deceased to rot in the ground, and become food for worms and bugs. Religious expectation play into hand with this argument, many religions such as blah believe that you should never give out ones organs as Throughout this essay the following ethical issue will be discussed, Should all citizens be made to donate their organs? citizens of the world have rights, individual freedom rights, why should that be taken away from them? The government has so much control alreadly over our chocies why should we give up our organs, the government doesn’t own them do they? Personal property, I was born with them, I should have control of what happened to them even after death. It’s my choice; don’t take that away from me. Everybody wants to be some type of hero in their life, why not save someone with your organs that will be useless in the ground with your body; you could save at least 10 people’s lives, children’s lives, a mother, a brother, why wouldn’t you want to make that choice? Are you scared would it become easie r if it was to become mandatory?

Marketing Strategy for Aston Martin Cars

A critical analysis of the Aston Motors company has showed that the company has a number of strengths that it can based on for its economic success. Some of these include the ability to produce very good quality of cars.This can be traced back to the company's excellent group of engineers who design and recommend the use of high quality materials for their newly designed models. It is also important to note that although the panel of engineers can recommend the best materials, it is the supplies department of the company that is actually responsible for this strength.Second, the company has a very good reputation in the market on which it can capitalize to win the customers amid a very competitive motor manufacturing industry.The company is very well known for producing cars that have severally won in motor sport competitions and which are known for their uniqueness in terms of quality and body as well as chassis designs.Another strength for this company emerges from this aspect of q uality expertise and a good capital base in that it has the capacity and potential to increase its designs and quality products.The brand name of Aston Motors company is Aston Motors and it is very much selling in the market. The company can also consider its reputable brand name as one of its major strengths because it can form a strong basis of the company's further expansion plans.Due to its powerful brand name, the company's branch based in south Africa realised annual sales that were about three times the number of cars it expected to sale. Specifically, it had predicted an annual sale of about forty cars in its first year since establishment in South Africa but it turned out that the actual sales were something to do with one hundred and fourteen cars (Bright 2007).Several weaknesses have also been identified in the Aston Motors company or in the way it makes its daily operations. First, the company was established to have poorly competed in the motor industry especially with when compared with some of the major industries in small car manufacturing.Second, the top management of the company has continuously neglected to address the needs of middle class population all over the world who form a sizeable potential market.Instead, it has chose to address the needs of a very thin segment of the society who are mainly the noble people, the celebrities and companies that sponsor motor sports when they need to buy cars for their candidates (Doolittle 2003). This has been perceived negatively by most people irrespective of race or geographical location.A close look at the history of the Aston Motors company shows that the company has not made faired well in terms of making profits out of its business operations. It is an historic trend that can be traced back to the first world war (Gartman 1994)..Although there are other small car manufacturing companies that have performed much worse than this, for example the Lotus motors, each company operates on its own and the performance of one company can not be a measure of how another is performing.Therefore the Aston Motors company should not use the failure of a few of it competitors as an excuse of its continues poor performance.